Thinking of travelling to Africa for work or pleasure this summer? Better read up schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia or snail fever, a disease caused by a parasitic worm. According to the World Health Organisation, 61.6 million people were reportedly treated for bilharzia in 2014, most of them in Africa. More cases are being reported in the UK too, as long-distance travel becomes cheaper and easier.
The parasite takes many different forms throughout its complex lifestyle. Crucially, in its larval form, it infects many freshwater lakes and rivers. Most people pick up the parasite while enjoying water sports or a cooling dip.
The parasite, which is hardly visible to the naked eye and has a tiny forked tail, burrows through human skin in less than 10 minutes. At this point, there are no obvious symptoms except perhaps an itchy area, known as swimmer’s itch. Three to six weeks later, sufferers may develop a fever and started to feel under the weather. This happens when the parasite starts to migrate around the body, setting off an allergic reaction. “This phase is known as the katayama fever,” explains Dr Nick Beeching, senior lecturer and consultant at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. “Few people recognise the symptoms and usually ignore them because they go away.”
At this stage, it is difficult to say for sure that someone is infected. Most of the diagnostic tests available will show a false negative result.
Two or three months after the initial infection, the disease begins to takes hold. Unpleasant symptoms, like bloody diarrhoea, fever and red-stained urine, are hard to miss. By now, the parasite has matured into an adult worm and taken up residence in its favoured spot, which can be the bowel, intestine or liver. The worm, which is one to 2.5 centimetres long, then starts to produce millions of eggs, which are carried round the body in the bloodstream. The eggs force their way through the wall of the intestines or the bladder, and are excreted out through the urine and faeces. “This is the point when tests can say for sure if someone has bilharzia,” says Dr Beeching. Blood tests show raised levels of specific antibodies. Eggs can be seen in urine and stool samples. Around half of men with the disease may complain of granular semen. This is because the eggs have travelled to the prostate gland and are expelled through the penis. In fact, studies have shown that live eggs can be detected in semen several weeks before they show up in the urine or the faeces. The eggs, are not oval, and have a specific shape and spine, which is characteristic of the species.
Once the diagnosis has been made, treatment is effective and simple. One dose of a drug called praziquantel is almost always 100 per cent effective. It is important to treat the disease because long-term complications can include cancer of the bladder, kidney failure and cirrhosis of the liver.
There are preventative treatments, which should be repeated over a number of years to reduce death rates in high-risk areas. There are also sensible measures that all travellers can take. Jason Gibbs, a travel pharmacist, recommends that travellers keep out of freshwater lakes and rivers, or keep their dips short. Lake Malawi, in East Africa, is notorious for harbouring the parasite. Users of the lake on its southern shore have a 75 per cent chance of catching the disease after a stay of just one week. If swimming is unavoidable, it can help to rub the skin briskly after a dip with a rough towel. “This kills the larva which are trying to break through the skin,” explains Gibbs. Some research suggests that the chemical DEET, rubbed on the skin, may help to repel the parasite.
Even if a traveller returns with no symptoms at all, it is a good idea to have a check-up in the UK. “This is the best way to be sure,” says Gibbs. “Some people have very minor reactions to the parasite or may confuse symptoms with something else.” Luckily, there is not much chance of an infected person spreading the disease back home. The parasite spends a crucial part of its lifecycle inside in a special water snail, which is not found in British waters.
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I’m curious as to where you got the number that 75% of people who swim in Southern Lake Malawi get the parasite. What evidence and data is that based on? I live in Malawi and work for one of Malawi’s largest healthcare providers. Although bilharzia is common on some parts of the Lake’s Southern shore, I would hardly say Lake Malawi is notorious for bilharzia — in fact, within the region, for some years it was thought to be the only lake WITHOUT a significant bilharzia problem due to large-scale hygienic and public health interventions. Problematically, this led to a… Read more »