Finite element study shows one book in the backpack weighs 7 books to the spine: As we consider a return to school, we must start to think of the impact of the backpack. A finite element assessment study showed that a one-pound book in a backpack weighs seven books to the spine. When the student leans forward 20 degrees, then the one-pound book in a backpack exerts 12 books to the spine.
Backpacks are standard load carriers for people of all ages, especially school children and the military. This study describes the effect of forces exerted by specific backpack weights on a model of the spine. It is essential for understanding the load that the spine experiences.
Results
Weight | Neutral Spine | 20 Degrees Forward | |||||
Induced Stress (N/m2) (MPa) | Added reaction force | Induced Stress (N/m2) (MPa) | Added reaction force | ||||
(lb.) | (kg) | (N) | (lbf) | (N) | (lbf) | ||
1 | 0.45 | 2.42E+4 (0.0242) | 32.18 | 7.23 | 6.44E+5 (0.644) | 51.73 | 11.63 |
25 | 11.34 | 6.05E+5 (0.605) | 804.40 | 180.83 | 1.61E+7 (16.1) | 1293.3 | 290.75 |
50 | 22.68 | 1.21E+6 (1.21) | 1608.8 | 361.664 | 3.22E+7 (32.2) | 2586.6 | 581.5 |
75 | 34.02 | 1.79E+6 (1.79) | 2380.96 | 535.28 | 4.77E+7 (47.7) | 3828.2 | 860.62 |
100 | 45.36 | 2.42E+6 (2.42) | 3217.6 | 723.36 | 6.44E+7 (64.4) | 5173.5 | 1163 |
People everywhere have struggled to assess the impact of objects in a backpack to the body in general, and the spine in particular. Backpack use is associated with back pain, intervertebral disc compression, neck pain, altered posture, altered walking mechanics, and plantar foot pressure.
Recommendation of the literature
Weight of Person Lbs. (kg.) | Conventional Recommendation | Conventional Actual Weight Allowed Lbs.(kg.) | New Study Force that the spine sees in neutral (lbf.) | New Study Force that the spine sees in 20 Forward Flexion (lbf.) | |
Estimated 6 years old | 50 (13) | 10% bodyweight | 5 (2) | 36 | 58 |
Estimated adolescent 15 years old | 124 (56) | 10% bodyweight | 12 (6) | 110 | 143 |
Estimated young adult 18 years old | 150 (68) | 15% bodyweight | 23 (10) | 162 | 261 |
Estimated young adult 18 years old | 200 (91) | 15% bodyweight | 30 (14) | 216 | 348 |
Estimated college aged adult | 150 (68) | 20% bodyweight | 30 (14) | 216 | 348 |
Estimated college aged adult | 200 (91) | 20% bodyweight | 40 (18) | 288 | 464 |
Previous studies have suggested a safe load of 10% body weight in children and adolescents, 13% and 15% in young adults, and 15-20% in college-aged adults. This study focuses on the force generated to the spine.
Risk:
The first affected are the ligaments. When the ligaments are stressed and are inflamed, then there is a loss of side-by-side range of motion and stiffness. The muscles are also stressed and inflamed. Stressing a muscle makes it stronger. However, persistent eccentric loading leads to intractable pain. The disc spaces are also eccentrically loaded, seeing undue stresses. With constant eccentric loading, the process of wear, tear, and degeneration proceeds. Surgery may be needed.
Prevention:
One Book = 7 Books to the Spine When the force magnifiers are identified at 7X in neutral spine, and 12X in 20 degrees of forward posture, people should be careful with their contents in a backpack.
Thinking About Your Packing Pack only what is necessary. People tend to overpack and bring every possible option available in their backpacks. A person with a hoarding disorder experiences distress at the thought of getting rid of items. Now each item is shown to have consequences to the spine.
Embrace digital textbooks. Digital textbooks are easier to read, access pages and do not transmit forces on the spine.
Embrace Neutral Alignment = Proper Posture Proper posture is the position of
“Ears above the shoulder,
Angel Wings back”, = chest open
This position is the most efficient. This proper posture includes your chin being level with the floor, your scapula retracted, and your abdomen firm. Our study shows that in neutral alignment, which is good posture, the forces on the spine are 7.2X the weight. With just 20 degrees of forward posture = poor posture, the force is magnified to 11.6X the weight. This results in a 60% increase in forces.
Wear Both straps. The forces on the spine are the same with one strap or two straps. Both straps allow for a division of the forces that the spine sees. Similarly, with one strap, one side sees twice the amount of forces.
Keep the Backpack Closest to The Body: Closest to the body is the most efficient position for diminishing spine forces.
Develop a strong core and legs. The body provides certain inherent muscle shock absorbers. Building the core muscles with planking for example helps to strengthen the body’s force dampeners. Strong thigh muscles help.
New Technology Diminishes Spine Forces Seen in Backpacks Patented technologies (US Patent 9,700,080 B1) address the postural, ergonomic reinforcement of backpacks to diminish the forces seen by the spine with 40 – 70% efficiency.
Video animation:
About Dr. Kenneth K. Hansraj:
On the forefront of spinal surgery American spine surgeon Dr. Kenneth K. Hansraj is a spinal and orthopedic surgeon specializing in cervical, thoracic and lumbar procedures for example laminectomies and spinal fusions. Dr. Hansraj believes in tailoring the operation to the patient using the latest spine technologies. Dr. Ken is a spinal surgeon at Nuvance Health based at The Vassar Brothers Medical Center in the Hudson Valley, NY
Dr. Ken is the author of the internationally bestselling book, Keys to an Amazing Life: Secrets of the Cervical Spine, (January, 2013), which he was inspired to write based on this concept. Dr. Hansraj is also the author of Bloodless Spine Surgery: Pictures and Explanations. His goal with each of his books is to bring years of accumulated expert medical knowledge to the public at-large in an easy-to digest format and to help countless individuals with ongoing spinal and health issues.
Dr. Ken Hansraj is TV and media trained and has extensive experience with national outlets such as CNN, HLN, CBS, FOX, NBC, ABC, NPR and has been featured globally. Cision® estimates his current media impressions at 9+ Billions.
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